The Role of Bureaucrats in Developing Countries like Bangladesh -- Md. Helal Uddin

 

The Role of Bureaucrats in Developing Countries like Bangladesh

 

Abstract

In the modern state bureaucrats are playing a significant role with the expansion of the government’s duty and responsibility. The duties of bureaucrats are increasing during day to day life in developing countries like Bangladesh. As modern states are welfare states, so they are to complete a great number of works. And for this to depends upon the bureaucrats. Both in developed and developing country bureaucrats play a very important role.

 

Introduction

Regarding this professor Finer says, “the function of the bureaucrats is not merely an improvement of the government indeed without it government itself could be impossible. Efficiency and the anonymity are the two main charestaristics of civil service. But among the bureaucrats of many countries these qualities are not seen. The bureaucrats are the high officials who are engaged in different sectors, departments or divisions according to their merits, skills and performance. In a democratic country after five years election held. So the government change but the bureaucrats are not changed. Here I will discuss about the role of bureaucrats in developing countries like Bangladesh. Before this we have to know about the system of bureaucracy.

 

Definition of Democracy

Literally bureaucracy means desk government. But its practical definition is so broad. According to Professor Finer, The civil is a professional body of officials, permanent, paid and skilled. Its numbers are measures of the activities of the state and an indication of its nature.

According to Professor Ogg, The body of civil servants is an expert, professional, non-political permanent and subordinate staff.

Professor Laski has given a fine and lucid definition of bureaucracy- ‘Bureaucracy is term usually applied to a system of government the control of which is so completely in the hands of officials that their power jeopardizes the liberty of ordinary citizens’. The father of bureaucracy Max Weber pointed out- ‘Bureaucracy is the clear cut divisions of individuals activities with regarded as duties inherent in the office’. He added that, the bureaucracy is the system of administration characterized by expertness, impartiality and the absence of humanity.

 

Characteristics of Bureaucracy

v Bureaucrats are bound to abide by the command from the top level.

v They are governing a principle of hierarchy.

v All servants are appointed according to their qualifications in terms examinations and viva-voce.

v They take the job profession.

v The duties of government servants are essentially easy and routined.

v Their promotion depends on merit and seniority.

v They are capable of attaining the highest degree of efficiency.

v They emphasized on red tape, some absorbed laws and their tread of work.

 

The Role of Bureaucrats Determining Policy

In our country, other country also, bureaucrats particularize the policy of government minister only sign. Government policies are complex. So for this work artistic skilled is must, bureaucrats are those who have those skills.

 

Framing Legislature

In Bangladesh enact any law; bureaucrats play a very important role. Important bills are presented in the parliament are prepared by bureaucrats. They justify ins and outs of the bill and then it’s presented in the parliament.

 

Impact on the Legislature

They supply necessary information regarding different governments departments and organizations. Sometimes they influence conference committee according their own interest.

 

Advisors of Political Rulers

The political leaders are elected by the people. They do not have vast knowledge about the complex affairs of the state. But it is a matter of sorrow that the duties for policy making are vested upon them. Hence the bureaucrats give necessary advice. Professor Finer point out, in the modern state, the higher rank of executive….advice the policy makers.

 

Mediation among Different Groups

Bureaucrats are many and multifaceted groups in a country. They try to get there out most privilege and interest making pressure on government. In this situation, the bureaucrats work as a mediator and solve the problem through proper negotiations and help to maintain sustainable situation in the state.

 

Implementing Legislations and Policies

Bureaucrats are not only draw up laws and principles but also sustainable them. Indeed the bureaucracy is more influential in this regard. They can repel and enact any law according to their necessary.

 

Keeping contract between the Public and Government

In Bangladesh, bureaucrats play the role of liaison between the government and the public. They inform the people about the government activities and people inform them about their problems and want solutions. Bureaucrats surely play a vital role in information communication. They send information from one department to another to sustain a close relationship. The government directly depends on them for information and hence on the basis of the information, the government takes decision. As a result, the government does not face any problem to decide anything within the state.

 

In terms of the Betterments of the State and the Administration

The excellence of the administration of any county depends on bureaucracy. In this affairs the US philosopher Jhon Dewey said- A final important function of bureaucrats is that of their own internal management.

 

Implementation of Social Change

Bureaucrats play role in social change. They help the government to understand the changing social demands and find out the way to fulfill them.

 

Non-political Role

Bureaucrats play non-political role in their service life. But it is a matter of regret that bureaucrats in Bangladesh, to a large extend are derailed, very often they are found in liaison with ruling political party. Sometimes ruling political party oppresses the bureaucrats who do not submit themselves to the whom of the ministers on leaders. We have witnessed such quarrel between ministers and bureaucrats.

 

The Role and Functions of Bureaucrats in Developing Countries

In globalization age, the role and functions of bureaucrats is so much important in developing countries. In modern liberal democratic system bureaucracy is an inseparable part of the government. In the welfare state, the government always tries to fulfill the various demands of people. The increasing of governmental role and function increase the responsibility and liability of a bureaucrat. So, in developing county the role and functions of government highly depends on bureaucrat. According to prof. Finer- The functions of the civil servant in the modern state is not merely on improvement of government; without it indeed government itself would be impossible. The bureaucrat performs in favorers of the state ins and outs of important task.

 

Conclusion

In fine we can say that the role of bureaucrats can not be ignored in Bangladesh, a developing county. They play very significant role in our social, political and economic change. Bureaucrats are the life blood of any democratic country who can reform the society by their skilled hands. So, if they can avoid corruption, nepotism, and impartial political attitude, Bangladesh with improve faster.

 

The Role of Bureaucrats in Developing Countries like Bangladesh 

-- Md. Helal Uddin

ISLAMIC POLITICS IN BANGLADESH: 1971-2010 -- MD. HELAL UDDIN

 

ISLAMIC POLITICS IN BANGLADESH: 1971-2010

Bangladesh one of the most populous Muslim countries in the world, has seen a resurgence of Islamic political forces since its independence from Pakistan which took a sharp upturn following the first military coup detat in August 1975. Despite their setback in the 7^th Jatiya Sangsad election in 1996, they remain important in Bangladesh politics. As result a large number of Islamic parties participated int he post-authoritarian three Sangsad elections. Only the Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh, Islami Oikkya Jote and Jaker party won some respce-table votes.

This paper describes the state of Islamic polities in Bangladesh and the position of the Islamists in Bangladeshi democracy their electoral debacle and their relationships with various governments and political parties.

ISLAMIC POLITICS AND THE CONSTITUTION

Islamic politics belong to Islamic ideology is the political system. The islamists want to establish Islamic ideology and principles in personal, social, cultural and political life.  There is no obstructing as well as any problem to practices Islamic politics in Bangladesh. Though the constitution of Bangladesh provides the principle of secularism but it does not band the religion based politics. The article 12 of the constitution is “secularism and freedom of religion- the Principle f secularism shall be realised by the elimination of-

·        communalism in all its forms;

·        the granting by the State of political status in fovour of any religion;

·        the abuse of religion for political purposes;

·   any discrimination against, or persecution of, persona practicing a particular religion.”

ISLAM BASED POLITICAL PARTIES IN BANGLADESH

While the Islamic institutions and organizations are preaching Islam and Teaching Islamic principles at the societal level, the Islam based political parties are operating at political level. After 1975, under the political parties regulation Act of 1976, the number of Islam based political parties has increased, the more important being the Muslim league, Islamic Democratic league, Jamaati Islam, Nizami-i-Islam party, Jamiat-e-Islam, Islamic republican party, Bangladesh Justice party and the Bangaldesh Khilafat Andolon.

The muslim league, which championd the cause of a separate homeland for the Muslims in British India on the basis of the two-nation theory in fact an extension of the Pakistan Muslim league in bangladesh. The Islamic Democratic league has a cloze affinity with the Muslim league in terms of programme and ideology. The justice party and Nizam-i-Islam advocate the principle of Islamic Justice and rules of the Sharia. These parties stand for closes bonds of unity among the Muslim States.  The Jamaat operates though a number of front organizations such as Islamic Chatra Shibir and Islamic Yubo Shibir and other religions cultural organizations as the Bangladesh Islamic centre.

CONSOLIDATION OF THE ISLAMIC POLITICAL PARTIES IN BANGLADESH

General Ershad, who seized power from President Justice Abdus Sattar is a coup in March 1982, try to secure the support of the Islam-loving people of Bangladesh, Earshad appealed to the religious forces by declaring his desire to uphold the principles and ideals of Islam and to established an Islamic Bangladesh. He formed Zakat Board, Madrasha Education Board and made Arabic a mandatory subject at the primary level, he made Islam the State religion of Bangladesh. These stapes provided enormous opportunities for the religion-as well as Islamic Political parties to go ahead with redoubled enthusiasm.

From 1982 to 1990 the Islamists matured. This period is also important for two other reasons. First, the Islamists expanded their organizations during this period. They also made considerable headway in establishing themselves as a “legitimate” political force in Bangladesh. Second, there was a debate regarding to course of Islamic movements in Bangladesh during this time. It was rather old and had its roots in the early 1960’s on the Islamists position vis-a-vis the military rulers who use Islam as a legitimization tool. Like in the 1960 the Jamaat, after an internal discussion, refused to support the unpopular and oppressive military government of Ershad as that would have gone not only against popular opinion but also against the Islamic tenets.

DEMOCRACY, ISLAMIC POLITICS AND THE SEARCH OF POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE

A commensurate domestic political divide in Bangladesh between the secular, Bengali nationalist bloc and the non-secular, Islamic bloc added to this. This latter dimension has another twist based on the country’s history.  Moreover, the Jamaat’s long ties with the BNP and the fear of the AL’s return to power and expressed intent to bring back ‘secularism’ and to try the war criminals of the 1971 Lberation War, including Ghulam Azam, convinced it to keep working relationship with the BNP. Both came into an unwritten electoral understanding in the 5^th Sangsad election and the Jamaat also supported the BNP in forming the government in 1991.

THE ISLAMISTS AND A CHAINGING RELATIONSHIP WITH THE AL ANDTHE BNP

After the election of 1991 BNP, Jamaat made government but due to disagreement over various issues, the BNP-Jamaat understanding began to unravel, largely to the Jamaats disadvantage. First of these issues was the issue of Ghulam Azam’s citizenship. The BNP leadership was apparently divised on this issue, which made a bad relation between BNP, Jamaat. Another issue, which made a worse relation is that Shibir and JCD’s clashes where roughly 203 Shibir and some JSD activities were killed.

The BNP government’s economic liberalization policy also had consequences on the NPN-Jamaat relationship, this economic liberalization and the BNP’s ideological conviction, unintentionally but logically increased importance of the Indian goods to Bangladesh. The Jamaat leaders also unhappy about the BNP’s “open air” Policy allowing satellite TV channels in Bangladesh which operating from India. The Jamaat also brought changes against the BNP government for its permissive altitude towards NGOs. Jamaat and other Islamists call them (NGO) as agents of the western-Christian, who engaged in a grand conspiracy against Bangladesh and Islam.

All these caused a rupture in the BNP-Jamaat relationship. Eventually, the Jamaat by 1994, joined hands with the AL and took a tougher and more uncompromising stand in the anti-BNP movement on the issue of the Non-party car taker government system.

A NEW REALITY UNDER THE SECOND AL GOVERNMENT

Hoping to emerge as a balancing force in the 7^th Sangsad, the Jamaat contested all 300 constituencies and asked the voters to send it to power. The election results. However, shattered their hpes an Nizami conceded defeat and explained the reasons for the debacle.  The Jamaat accused the other major parties, particularly the AL, of resorting to all sorts of unfair means. The Jamaat also blamed the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and the local administrations for being partial to the AL and against the Jamaat.

The pre-election speeches of the Jamaat leaders and party pronouncements revealed optimism about the Jamaat’s emergency as an assertive, autonomous, and decisive force in the post- election politics. Untill mid May 1996, almost all the Jamaat leaders, including Ghulam Azam, had attacked the NBP and Khaleda Zia accusing her a being a pound, arrogant, and power-hungry lady and leading the country do destruction and autocratic direction. They called for preventing BNP’s return to power and putting the Jamaat to power.

ELECTORAL SET BACK AND ORGANIZATIONAL DAMAGE CONTROL

Soon after the elections, the Jamaat leadership realized its ill-conceived strategy and moved to rectify it by joining hands with the BNP. The Jamaat leaders tried to explain away the electoral debacle saying, “there is no defeat in the struggle for the establishment of the Din (rule) of Allah and pleasing Allah is the most important thing.” It was also said, “in the long efforts to please Allah and establish Din, there should be no frustration over the result of an election” and “the Jamaat is not doing politics to go to power by any means.” Therefore, no electoral setback should be viewed as a “permanent loss” and should not preoccupy and body. As Ghulam Azam said, “No defeat is final in this world................ victory hereafter in the final victory.

This allowed the Jamaat a short but necessary breathing space. Although the Jamaat’s Majlish-e Shura, soon after the elections, adopted a “quiet program” and resolved to lend general support to the BNP’s anti-government programs, it was hesitant to join in any anti-AL movement with the BNP as late as August –September 1997. Indeed, it had some apprehension about the BNP’s sincerity about anti-government movement due partly to the perception of an influential section of the BNP leadership f being soft on the AL and opposed to the Jamaat and the Islamists.

THE ISLAMISTS, THE 4-PARTY ALLIANCE AND ELECTIONS

The politico-cultural and religious context forced the Jamaat and other Islamists to recast their political strategy and came into an alliance with the BNP and one or another faction of the JP against the AL government. Thus , after the Pabna-2 by elections, the Jamaat, BNP, a JP faction, and IOJ formed the 4- party alliance. The alliance boycotted the Pourashabha (municipality) elections in January 1999 and all elections under the AL government since then.

The 4- party alliance fought the 8^th Sangsad elections in October 2001 jointly to ensure their victory. The Election Results (see Table 2) of the 298 of the total 300 seats show that the Islamists did well with the Jamaat gaining 17 and IOJ gaining 2 seats. For the first time in independent Bangladesh, the Jamaat joined the Cabinet. The results reflected the deep frustration of the electorates with AL rule. The government’s failure in curbing terrorism, controlling corruption, promoting administrative and economic reforms, and economic managemant played of the opposition and its use of the administration for partisan purposes, alienated the AL from the voters. 

The electoral sucess of the Islamists, particularly the Jamaat, also validates the explanation put forth here for the Jamaat’s electoral success in 1991 and debacle in 1996. It is quite fear the Jamaat’s electoral success in 2001 was largely due to its alliance with the BNP as the BNP voters voted for the Jamaat. The IOJ’s victory in two seats can also be attributed to its alliance with the BNP.

THE ISLAMISTS AND THE 3^RD AL GOVERNMENT

After 1/11 the military backed care taken government hold 9^th general election on 29the December 2008, where all political parties participated mainly two parties leaded as name of grand coalition by AL and 4-party alliance by BNP. Each coalition has some Islamists party where dominated Islamist party Jamaat and IOJ with the BNP. The result of this election was the AL leaded grand coalition won landslide victory and 4-party alliance defected worst. After the formation of new government, started the jurisdiction against war criminals, where the Jamaat and some BNP leaders accused of war criminals and this jurisdiction is going on, which make Jamaat politically and organizational weak.

After the above discussion it can be said that, the Islamists had to travel a long and winding road to come to the point where they stand now. The journey was neither easy nor smooth. The made some serious misjudgments in their journey. From being ostracized for its anti-Bangladesh role in 1971, the Islamists have largely gained legitimacy in Bangladesh politics today. Two of its top leader have for the first time become Cabinet ministers in 2001. Indeed, soon after the creation of Bangladesh despite their violent opposition in 1971, the Islamists realized the “Muslim” nature of Bangladesh and began to pose themselves as the strongest and genuine defenders of Bangladesh’s national independence and sovereignty. 

The Islamists’ political revival and consolidation took place during 1975-1990 under the military – authoritarian governments. The military governments’ domestic and external policies also benefited the Islamists.  The elections performance of the Islamists suggest theta they are for form coming to power through elections, and, more importantly, they cannot yet do well in the elections without an alliance with the BNP. The Islamists’ association with the BNP brings about some moderation in their behavior. The electoral compulsions and its leadership’s upward socio-economic mobility somewhat contributed to the acceptance of non-violent and non-revolutionary paths. It is considered as an Islamic Democratic party.

 

 

REFERENCES

·        The constitution of Bangladesh.

·        S.P. Huntington, The clash of civilization.

·        Talukder Mainruzzaman, Bangladesh politics: Secular and Islamic trends.

·         Mahjfuzul Haque Chowdhury, Thirty years of Bangladesh politics.

·        Muhammad A. Hakim,  The use of Islam as a political legitimization tool: The Bangladesh experience.

·        Anwara Begum, The Role of the Jamaat-e-Islami in the political Development of Bangladesh.

 

ISLAMIC POLITICS IN BANGLADESH: 1971-2010 

-- MD. HELAL UDDIN

Corporate Capitalism, Globalization and Good Governance -- Md. Helal Uddin

 

CORPORATE CAPITALISM, GLOBALIZATION AND GOOD GOVERNANCE

 

ABSTRACT:

Corporate capitalism is a term is social science and economics to describe a capitalist market place characterized by the dominance of hierarchical, bureaucratic corporations, which are legally required to pursue profit. Globalization has been an important factor in accelerating democracy’s, growth in recent decades. Globalization refers to the integration of world markets through free flow of tread, skills and capital. It also refers to a range of transformative process of political, economic, trade and social system, education, science and technology, and cultural process that are affecting all parts of the world. Good governance is relatively a new area of discussion, which draws upon the concept from the concepts from politics, economics, administration, law etc. These three dimension are related to each other is the different way. This papers attempts to discuss about corporate capitalism with its criticize, globalization and its aim and challenges and impact, and good governance with its characteristics and challenges, finally find out a relation among these concept.

 

KEY WORDS:

Corporate, capitalism, globalization, governance, good governance etc.

 

INTRODUCTION:

In recent years there has been a change in the scenario of the world. The economic change is called globalization-integration of economics, grater capital flows, trade flows, extent of privatization, lesser restrictions on trade and investment. The capital change is corporate capitalism, which is the element of globalization because, for corporate capital, multinational company spread all over the world. In the change of governance is called good governance-rule of law, human rights, independence of judiciary, accountable and transparent administration, free media etc. corporate capitalism, globalization and good governance are interlinked where globalization is goal, good governance and corporate capitalism are relatively way and elements of globalization.

 

OBJECTIVES AND THE PROCEDURE:

This paper presents the conceptual analysis of corporate capitalism, globalization and good governance, it also find out the relation among these. And the procedure is at first discussed abstract with introduction, then discuss about the concept, definition, characteristics etc. of corporate capitalism, globalization and good governance, then find out a relations among this and finally concluding remarks.

 

CORPORATE CAPITALISM, GLOBALIZATION AND GOOD GOVERNANCE: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:

The triple concepts-corporate capitalism, globalization and good governance have dominated international discourse for sometime now. The definition, characteristics, challenges etc given blow-

Corporate capitalism

Corporate capitalism consists by two words corporate and capitalism, where corporate mean belonging to a corporation, unite, or association consists by law. Capitalism is the economic form of democracy.

Corporations are usually called public entities when parts of their business can be bought in the form of shares on the stock market. This is done as a way of raising capital to finance the investments of the corporation. The shareholders appoint the executives of the corporation, who are the ones running the corporation via a hierarchical chain of power, where the bulk of investor decisions are made at the top, and have effects on those beneath them.

 

Capitalism is the economic system in which most of the means of production are privately owned, and production is guided and income distributed largely through the operation of markets. Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of mercantilism. It was fostered by the Reformation, which sanctioned hard work and frugality, and by rise of industry during the Industrial Revolution, especially the English textile industry (16^th-18^th centuries).

 

Capitalism in the economic system in which (1) private ownership of property exists; (2) aggregates of property or capital provide income for the individuals or firms that accumulated it and own it; (3) individuals and firms are relatively free to compete with others for their own economic gain; (4) the profit motive is basis to economic life.

 

Corporate capitalism is a term used in social science and economics to describe a capitalism market place characterized by the dominance of hierarchical, bureaucratic corporations, which are legally required to pursue profit.

 

THE DOMINION AND CORPORATE CAPITALISM:

The intergalactic dominion’s economy is built on corporate capitalism, which is controlled for the most part by the Megacorporations. Each Megacorporation is made up of thousands of smaller companies, ranging from industrial companies to law firms. Although this gives the Megacorporations seemingly dictatorial powers, they are just as bound by dominionese customs and laws as the individual, and the fierce, continual competition between the corporations ensures a healthy, consumer-based social environment, which benefits everyone. In addition if a company is found guilty of unethical business dealings, it is quickly removed from the market, and before long another one appears to take its place as corruption and immoral market practices are not tolerated by the general public and the liberalized market makes for quick replacements of corporations that are failures.

 

The intergalactic dominion’s style of corporate capitalism puts forth that increased stability of its economy results from careful government regulation, that regulation should be as limited as possible so that Tier-One participants can generate the greatest GDP. However, regulation is needed to ensure that individuals do not exploit markets for personal gain at the expense of market growth and stability.

 

GLOBALIZATION:

Globalization emerged as a dominant international system at the end of the twentieth century and affected everyone in the world directly or indirectly. According to Murtin Albrow, “Globalization refers to all those processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporate into a single world society, global society”.

 

According to Rosabeth Moss Kanter, “The world is becoming a global shopping mall in which ideas and products are available everywhere at the sometime”

 

According to Smyth, globalization is the latest phase of uneven development within capitalism. According to Keohane and Nye, “Globalization is a state of the world involving interdependence at multi-continental distances, that can be linked through flows and influences of capital and goods, information and ideas, people and force, as well as environmentally and biologically relevant substances.”

 

Globalization is a comprehensive term covering various aspects of developments, both economic theory and political practice. These clearly noted that due to technological advancements, geographic distances are reduce peoples relations and interdependences are becoming worldwide.

 

EMERGENCE OF THE CONCEPT:

Though the globalization is a new buzzword, but it is not a new process, globalization of the present day as the forth stage of its development.

 DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION:

According to Abul Kalam, there are six dimensions of globalization- (1) Technological; (2) Information; (3) Economic; (4) Military; (5) Environmental and (6) Sociopolitical and Cultural globalism. According to Robert T. Kudrle, there are three types of globalization. Such as communication, market and direct.

 

ELEMENTS AND CONDITIONS FOR GLOBALIZATION:

Globalization process comes from GATT, which is WTO at present. This organization sets some elements and condition for ensure and increase globalization. These are-

1.     Ensure free market economic polices;

2.     Enhance privatization;

3.     Import liberalization;

4.     Export oriented industries introduce and create;

5.     Reduce agricultural subsidy;

6.     Change and expansion of technology;

7.     Free print and electronic media;

8.     Revoke rationing system;

9.     Conventions and agreements on the global environment;

10.                        Multilateral agreements on trade, service and intellectual property.

 

CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION:

1.     Trade reform this is a major challenge of globalization Bangladesh as well as third world countries. In Bangladesh liberalization of trade regime started in the middle of the 1980s under structural adjustment reforms initiated by the World Bank and IMF.

2.     Shift in export profit.

3.     Increase in export.

4.     Shift from public investment to private

5.     Privatization of state owned enterprises.

6.     Industrial relation.

              

IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:

Globalization, a dominant force in the present-day world, is shaping a new era of interaction among nations, economies and people. While globalization has positive, innovative and dynamic aspects, it also has negative, disruptive, and marginalizing aspects. Its horizontal flow of capital and nature of marginalization are difficult to control. So globalization is inviting a lot of criticism from some scholars economists. Critics strongly argue that globalization created opportunities for the rich dominant North along with northern Multinational and Transnational corporations?

·        The developing countries cannot compete with the development countries.

·        Because of low-quality of products and high-cost, the goods of the developing countries cannot compete with the products of the development countries. As a result, there is little prospect for the growth of industries in the development countries.

·        The most revealing aspect of globalization is that it has made our people a consumer-class.

·        Globalization appears to be a serious threat to indigenous culture. Western culture/ cultural globalizations led to the fragmentation or elimination of domestic culture.

·        The whole-world, particularly the developing countries are being controlled by the developed countries with the help of various institutions like World Bank, IMF, WTO and MNC.

 

GOOD GOVERNANCE:

Before defining good governance, it is pertinent to define governance in order to use it as a point of departure of fully understand good governance. Simply put, “Governance” means, the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented.

 

According to Keohane, governance, the emergence and recognition of principles, norms, rules and procedures that both provide standards of acceptable public behaviour and that are follower sufficiently to produce behavioural regularities.

 

The 1992 Commission of Global Governance defines governance “as the sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs.” The World Bank defines governance as the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources. The UNDP views governance as the exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to manage a country’s affairs at all levels.

 

Good governance means an ideal governing system that is inevitable for political, economic, social and cultural development of a country. It is the ideal orientation of a state that works best to achieve self-reliance, sustainable development and social justice.

 

Former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan defined good governance as ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law, strengthening democracy, promoting transparency and capacity in public administration.

 

Good Governance, for the World Bank, includes some or all the following features:

·        An efficient public service;

·        An independent judicial system and legal framework to enforce contracts;

·        Accountable administration of public funds;

·        An independent public auditor, responsible to a representative legislature;

·        Respect for the law and human rights at all levels of government;

·        A free press.

In essence, good governance can be applied at international, national, local, and organizational levels and to manage many types of resources. Although terminology may differ, the principles of good governance as recognized worldwide are similar.

 

ELEMENTS/PRINCIPLES OF GOOD GOVERNANCE:

The principles of good governance may be showed into different ways----

a)     A number of multilateral organizations like the United Nations, World Bank and OECD generally equate good governance with sound economic management based on Accountability; Participation; Predictability; and Transparency.

b)    The UNDP (1977) has identified following five basic principles of good governance namely-Legitimacy and voice, Direction, Performance, Accountability, Fairness.

c)     According to D. Bandyopadhyay, some of the main elements of good governance are:

·        Accountability-both financial and political;

·        Transparency both financial and political;

·        Easy access to information;

·        Popular participation in decision making and implementation;

·        Responsiveness;

·        Efficient delivery system of services and goods; and

·        Enforcement of rule of law.

 

FEATURES/CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE:

Good governance must have the following 8 major characteristics----

 

MAIN CONSTRAINTS/ CHALLENGES TO GOOD GOVERNANCE IN BANGLADESH

Despite the continuing efforts of Bangladesh to enhance the quality of governance in the country, it is still suffering, among other things, from numerous and diverse governance-related insufficiencies and complexities, both structural and non-structural. At present, one of the key challenges of good governance in Bangladesh is: how to ensure a continually meaningful participation of rural people, including those at the grassroots level and the poor in local, national, regional and global economics, politics, peace, security and right based development?

a)     Corruption

b)    Inefficiency of bureaucracy

c)     Nepotism and Politicization in Public Administration

d)    Improper and non-observance of the rule of law

e)     Improper use of resources

f)      Poor planning strategy

g)     Criminalization of Politics

h)    Independence of judiciary

i)       Lack of accountability

 

GLOBALIZATION AND GOOD GOVERNANCE:

There are a relation in globalization and good governance. Good governance is the result of globalization in the perspective of aim and objectives of globalization and good governance. The purpose of globalization and the goals of good governance and the expansion of international trade. Good governance ensure the stability of politics, economics an socio-cultural. Which is helpful of globalization.

 

The world is becoming more unified than ever before politically. Countries of the world are integrating more and more and cooperating in the areas of trade, military and economy. The unification has blurred barriers to free movements of nationals across the sub-region, and the emergence of a single Eurocurrency has resolved constraints in the business transactions. Protectionism, except in a few countries is not more in vogue.

GOOD GOVERNANCE AND CORPORATE CAPITALISM:

Good governance is an indeterminate term used in development literature to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources in order to guarantee the realization of human rights. Corporate capitalism is a capitalist market place which is legally required to pursue profit, for this it make a pressure to government to ensure good governance Branko Horvat Stated “… it is now well known that capitalist development leads to the concentration of capital, employment and power. It is somewhat less known that it leads to the almost complete destruction of economic freedom……….”.

 

According to Lenin, the export of financial capital superseded the export of commodities; banking and industrial capital merged to form large financial cartels and trusts in which production distribution are highly centralized; and monopoly capitalists influenced state policy to carve up the world into spheres of interest. These trends led states to defend their capitalist interests abroad through military power.

 

CORPORATE CAPITALISM AND GLOBALIZATION:

Corporate capitalism is the capitalist market place, which is the economic aspect of democracy. Capitalism include imperialism and oppression on over the third world states. In the name of globalization different types of corporate houses, multinational companies and capitalist enter into economically and technological poor but resourceful countries and shift the profit to development countries. Globalization helps to investment of capitalist and corporate houses. Because globalization wants to open the door of free market economy, export oriented industries, technological development. To ensure these development countries depended on developed countries and corporate capitalist take over this opportunity.

CONCLUSION:

From the above discussion it should be clear about corporate capitalism, globalization and good governance that these three are not separated from each other. Globalization helps corporate capitalist to expand there are all over the world and it wants to ensure good governance of the different countries. Because globalization is the destination or goals where good governance is the way of this. Sustaining the gains of the synergy between corporate capitalism, globalization and good governance demands that the counteracting agencies should be independent and neutral. They should be supported by the civil society, including mass media and to operate in the environment of political freedom and transparency. We can not stay out side of globalization corporate houses, multinational companies. So we should take some initiative infavour of national unity and interest, and by these system we can get profit of globalization.

 

 

REFERENCES:

1.     Corporate capitalism, from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

2.     Public policy and administration research, vol-1, No.1, 2011, www.iiste.org.

3.     Academic leadership-the online journal, vol-8, summer 2010 (topics)

4.     Social science review-vol-28, No-1, June, 2011(25-33)

5.     Social science review-vol-26, No-1, June, 2009 (49-52)

6.     Social science review-vol-28, No-2, December 2010 (13-35)

7.     Bangladesh political science review-vol-2, No-1, December 2004,

      p. 8-3, 93-100

8.     Hasnat Adbul Hye, Governance, South Asian Perspective P. 01-10

9.     Mahfuzul H. Chowdhury, Thirty years of Bangladesh Politics, . 63-75

10.                         Abul Kalam, Globalization and Bangladesh in the new century,

          P.21-39

11.                        The Economist, Globalization, P 01-15

12.                        Raimo Vayrynen, Globalization and Global Governance, P.3-23

 

CORPORATE CAPITALISM, GLOBALIZATION AND GOOD GOVERNANCE -- MD. HELAL UDDIN